Substance that seems to originate from the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc.

The long-bone between the hip and the knee, i.e. thigh bone.

The hip joint is a ball and socket joint that incorporates the femur (ball) and pelvis (socket). Femoral head and neck ostectomy (FHO) is a surgical procedure that removes the head and neck of the femur bone.

Femoral head and neck excision (FHNE) is a surgical procedure that removes the head of the femur within the hip joint.

A disease characterised by face and tongue mutilation and other behavioural signs suggesting oral and facial discomfort in cats.

Accelerates tissue healing similar to the effects of laser therapy but uses high energy pulses (shock waves) directed into the abnormal tissue.

Seizures are the physical manifestation of uncontrolled and hyper-synchronous electrical activity in the brain. Recurrent seizures, known as epilepsy, is the most common neurological problem in dogs and cats.

Specific type of inflammatory brain disease which is defined under the umbrella of ‘meningoencephalitis of unknown origin’ (MUA).

Elicitation of muscle contraction using electric impulses generated by a device and delivered through adhesive electrodes placed on the skin in direct proximity to the muscles to be stimulated.

Elbow osteochondritis dissecans is a disease mainly seen in immature large and giant breed dogs. The condition results in the formation of a cartilage flap on the medial humeral condyle that causes pain and subsequent lameness.

The elbow joint is a complex hinge joint located in the forelimb of cats and dogs. Three bones meet at the elbow joint; the humerus of the upper limb and the radius and ulna of the lower limb.

Elbow dysplasia describes the abnormal development of the elbow. The term includes a number of specific abnormalities, which affect different sites in the joint.These abnormalities cause problems by affecting the growth of the cartilage which forms the surface of the joint or the structures around it. These abnormalities are primary lesions, which then induce a secondary osteoarthritic process.